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Publicaciones sobre Temas de Interés
Se prevé un cambio en la carga del cáncer en el mundo
Investigadores de la Agencia Internacional para la Investigación del Cáncer (IARC) calculan que 16 por ciento, o alrededor de 2 millones, de los 12,7 millones de nuevos casos de cáncer diagnosticados en 2008 fueron causados por agentes infecciosos (virus, bacterias y parásitos). Las medidas sanitarias públicas existentes para prevenir las infecciones "podrían incidir de manera considerable en la futura carga del cáncer en el mundo entero", concluyeron los autores. El análisis fue publicado el 9 de mayo en la revista Lancet Oncology.
Un segundo estudio indica que "cualquier reducción de los casos de cáncer relacionados con infecciones se verá contrarrestada por un aumento de nuevos casos que están más asociados a factores reproductivos, alimentarios y hormonales", entre ellos el cáncer de mama, el cáncer colorrectal y el cáncer de próstata. Con una variedad de datos a mano sobre los patrones de comportamiento del cáncer y las medidas económicas y sanitarias, los investigadores calcularon que en 2030 habría 22,2 millones casos nuevos de cáncer, lo cual equivale a un aumento de 75 por ciento en comparación con 2008. Sus resultados fueron publicados el 31 de mayo en la revista Lancet Oncology.
Fuente: Boletín del Nacional Cancer Institute, 17 de Julio de 2012 , v.4 , ed. 8
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Artículos originales:
Lancet Oncol. 2012 Jun;13(6):607-15.
Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis.
de Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, Vignat J, Bray F, Forman D, Plummer M.
Source
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Infections with certain viruses, bacteria, and parasites have been identified as strong risk factors for specific cancers. An update of their respective contribution to the global burden of cancer is warranted.
METHODS:
We considered infectious agents classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We calculated their population attributable fraction worldwide and in eight geographical regions, using statistics on estimated cancer incidence in 2008. When associations were very strong, calculations were based on the prevalence of infection in cancer cases rather than in the general population. Estimates of infection prevalence and relative risk were extracted from published data.
FINDINGS:
Of the 12•7 million new cancer cases that occurred in 2008, the population attributable fraction (PAF) for infectious agents was 16•1%, meaning that around 2 million new cancer cases were attributable to infections. This fraction was higher in less developed countries (22•9%) than in more developed countries (7•4%), and varied from 3•3% in Australia and New Zealand to 32•7% in sub-Saharan Africa. Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B and C viruses, and human papillomaviruses were responsible for 1•9 million cases, mainly gastric, liver, and cervix uteri cancers. In women, cervix uteri cancer accounted for about half of the infection-related burden of cancer; in men, liver and gastric cancers accounted for more than 80%. Around 30% of infection-attributable cases occur in people younger than 50 years.
INTERPRETATION:
Around 2 million cancer cases each year are caused by infectious agents. Application of existing public health methods for infection prevention, such as vaccination, safer injection practice, or antimicrobial treatments, could have a substantial effect on the future burden of cancer worldwide.
Lancet Oncol. 2012 Aug;13(8):790-801.
Global cancer transitions according to the Human Development Index (2008-2030): a population-based study.
Bray F, Jemal A, Grey N, Ferlay J, Forman D.
Source
Section of Cancer Information, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. brayf@iarc.fr
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Cancer is set to become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the coming decades in every region of the world. We aimed to assess the changing patterns of cancer according to varying levels of human development.
METHODS:
We used four levels (low, medium, high, and very high) of the Human Development Index (HDI), a composite indicator of life expectancy, education, and gross domestic product per head, to highlight cancer-specific patterns in 2008 (on the basis of GLOBOCAN estimates) and trends 1988-2002 (on the basis of the series in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents), and to produce future burden scenario for 2030 according to projected demographic changes alone and trends-based changes for selected cancer sites.
FINDINGS:
In the highest HDI regions in 2008, cancers of the female breast, lung, colorectum, and prostate accounted for half the overall cancer burden, whereas in medium HDI regions, cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver were also common, and together these seven cancers comprised 62% of the total cancer burden in medium to very high HDI areas. In low HDI regions, cervical cancer was more common than both breast cancer and liver cancer. Nine different cancers were the most commonly diagnosed in men across 184 countries, with cancers of the prostate, lung, and liver being the most common. Breast and cervical cancers were the most common in women. In medium HDI and high HDI settings, decreases in cervical and stomach cancer incidence seem to be offset by increases in the incidence of cancers of the female breast, prostate, and colorectum. If the cancer-specific and sex-specific trends estimated in this study continue, we predict an increase in the incidence of all-cancer cases from 12•7 million new cases in 2008 to 22•2 million by 2030.
INTERPRETATION:
Our findings suggest that rapid societal and economic transition in many countries means that any reductions in infection-related cancers are offset by an increasing number of new cases that are more associated with reproductive, dietary, and hormonal factors. Targeted interventions can lead to a decrease in the projected increases in cancer burden through effective primary prevention strategies, alongside the implementation of vaccination, early detection, and effective treatment programmes.
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